A critical analysis of approaches to the concept of social identity in social policy

This article seeks both to highlight a current imbalance in approaches to social identity in social policy, and to make suggestions as to how this might be redressed in future work employing the concept. The concept of identity and specifically social identity is increasingly employed in the discipline of social policy as a theoretical device with which to bridge the individual/social divide. The argument presented here suggests that the concept is however, unevenly deployed in policy analysis and, therefore lacks the force of impact it might otherwise have had. The predominant focus of current analysis lies in policy change precipitated by groups of ‘new,’ active welfare constituents organised around differentiated and fragmented social identities, whereas the identities of welfare professionals also involved in policy making process have disappeared from analytical view. The current emphasis on the discursive context for policy formulation, perpetuates an unacknowledged misconception concerning the asociality of those involved in policy making, where their principal role is perceived as the maintenance of the status quo in terms of social policy responses to welfare constituents needs. Redressing this false dichotomy between those developing and those using welfare services might be avoided by further exploring the concept of relational identity

Understanding and Extending the Role of Social Identity in Social Policy: The potential for identification between 'policy maker' and service user

[First Paragraph] The concept of social identity is important in policy analysis as it can contribute to a more complex understanding of both individual and collective agency. This paper is based on research which aims to use this concept to understand the role of welfare service providers in developing health and social care services potentially more appropriate to users needs¹. Drawing on the work of Taylor (1998) and Williams (2000), the paper outlines a three part model of social identity as ontological – categorical – relational, and explains how this is useful to exploring the agency of welfare service users. Current changes within the organisational context of welfare are then briefly outlined and it is argued that these recent developments make it important to develop a fuller understanding of welfare professionals’ social identities. Finally it is suggested that the concept of relational identity could usefully be developed in order to do this

Study of crack initiation phenomena associated with stress corrosion of aluminum alloys

Study of stress corrosion cracks in aluminum alloys reveals that crack initiation is greatly influenced by boundary orientation and directionality of the structure. In all crack susceptible materials, intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking started and progressed in boundaries oriented perpendicularly to the stressing direction

Acquisition Activity in the United Kingdom: Parametric and Semi-Parametric Estimation

In this article we attempt to identify the nancial characteristics of takeover targets in UK using the period 1982-1990. The study analyses the relationship between bidders and targets, and targets and non-targets over two distinct sub-periods, 1982-1985 and 1986-1990 which are viewed as being homogenous. The rst period followed a deep recession which followed a distinct shift in Macroeconomic Policy after 1979. The second period was associated with nancial liberalisation in 1986 and the freeing up of Monetary policy that followed the Stock Market Crash in 1987. To facilitate this analysis, two bi-variate Logit models are estimated over each sub-period and over the period as a whole. The above models are used to test whether Merger and Acquisition behaviour has changed by under- taking a Likelihood Ratio based analogue of the Chow test. A General Modelling strategy is adopted to select variables as a mechanism for pre- cluding inconsistency and reducing the impact of collinearity. Comparison is also made with a semi-parametric estimator

Arbitrage, market definition and monitoring a time series approach

This article considers the application to regional price data of time series methods to test stationarity, multivariate cointegration and exogeneity. The discovery of stationary price differentials in a bivariate setting implies that the series are rendered stationary by capturing a common trend and we observe through this mechanism long-run arbitrage. This is indicative of a broader market definition and efficiency. The problem is considered in relation to more than 700 weekly data points on gasoline prices for three regions of the US and similarly calibrated simulated series. The discovery of a single common trend is consistent with competitive pricing and a broad market definition, but the finding of a single weakly exogenous variable affects this conclusion

Genetic algorithm design of neural network and fuzzy logic controllers

Genetic algorithm design of neural network and fuzzy logic controller

Functional Implications of Impaired Control of Submaximal Hip Flexion Following Stroke

Introduction: We quantified sub-maximal torque regulation during low to moderate intensity isometric hip flexion contractions in individuals with stroke and the associations with leg function. Methods: 10 participants with chronic stroke and 10 controls performed isometric hip flexion contractions at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in paretic, non-paretic, and control legs. Results: Participants with stroke had larger torque fluctuations (coefficient of variation, CV), for both the paretic and non-paretic legs, than controls (Pr2 =0.45) and Berg Balance Score (r2=0.38). At 5% MVC, there were larger torque fluctuations in the contralateral leg during paretic contractions compared with the control leg. Conclusions: Impaired low-force regulation of paretic leg hip flexion can be functionally relevant and related to control versus strength deficits post stroke

VLF, magnetic bay and Pi2 substorm signatures at auroral and midlatitude ground stations

A superposed epoch analysis of 100–300 substorms is performed to determine the median size and shape of the substorm-associated VLF chorus, magnetic bay, and Pi2 pulsation burst observed at the near-auroral Halley research station, Antarctica, and at the midlatitude Faraday station at three different local times (2230, 2330, 0130 MLT). The spatial and temporal properties of the magnetic bay signatures are compared with the University of York implementation of the Kisabeth–Rostoker substorm current wedge (SCW) model and the Weimer pulse model, respectively. These constitute the best analytical models of the substorm to date. It is shown that the polarities and relative amplitudes of the observed magnetic bays in the H, D, and Z components at Halley at midnight MLT and at Faraday in the premidnight sector are consistent with the York model for a SCW 3 hours wide in MLT with its westward electrojet at 67°S magnetic latitude. In particular the little-discussed Z component of the bay agrees with the model and is shown to be the clearest substorm signature of the three components, especially at midlatitude. The midnight and postmidnight bays are similar to the premidnight case but progressively smaller and cannot be fully reconciled with the model. The shape of the H and Z bays at Halley and the D bays at Faraday fit a normalized Weimer pulse well, with Weimer's 2 h−1 recovery rate, but the other components do not. The D component at Halley and H at Faraday do fit the Weimer pulse shape but with a faster recovery rate of 4 h−1. It is proposed that this is due to the effect of a decaying current in the SCW combining with the geometrical effect of changing SCW configuration and position relative to the observing station. The Z component at Faraday recovers more slowly than the 2 h−1 Weimer prediction; we cannot explain this. Secondary bays at Halley and Faraday show a clear tendency to recur after 2 hours. Inflection points just prior to onset at Halley and Faraday are argued to be related to reduced convection associated with northward turning of the IMF. The median substorm signature at Halley in the Pi2 frequency band (7–25 mHz) is well correlated with the bay structure, showing that it is part of a broader band, possibly turbulent, spectrum in the substorm-dependent DP2 current. There is evidence of a minor additional narrow band component occurring at substorm onset. This is the dominant signal at Faraday which shows the classic midlatitude substorm signature, a short Pi2 pulsation burst at onset, that decreases progressively in intensity with increasing local time, implying a source region biased to the evening side or else preferred propagation to the east from a near-midnight source